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In order to understand how the data transmits from one application to other, it is better to have a basic knowledge about how data transmits in different layers using TCP/IP protocol suite. The four layers that the TCP/IP protocol suite maps are
a. Network Interface Layer
b. Internet Layer
c. Transport Layer
d. Application Layer
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Network Interface Layer
This layer specifies the form in which the data must be routed. If the physical network is a LAN connected by telephone or other, the network interface layer contains all specifications relating to the data transmission.
TCP/IP is independent of the network access method, frame format or medium. So, TCP/IP can be used to communicate across various network types that use LAN or WAN technologies.
Also it can be compatible to the future technologies. The data is referred at the frame level in this layer.
Internet Layer
This layer has to handle addressing, packaging, and routing functions and is responsible for supplying the data packet.
TCP/IP protocol suite has two sets of protocols at this layer:
a. IPv4, which is the Internet layer that is mostly used these days.
b. IPv6, which is the new Internet layer.
Transport Layer
Transport layer provides session and datagram communication services for the application layer. This layer provides the data and transmission status. TCP and UDP are the core protocols of the Transport layer.
TCP provides a one-to-one, connection-oriented, reliable communications service whereas UDP provides a one-to-one or one-to-many, connectionless, unreliable communications service. TCP and UDP operate over both IPv4 and IPv6 Internet layers.
Application Layer
This layer provides the applications a way to access the services of the other layers. It also defines the protocols for exchanging data. And it incorporates the standard network applications like HTTP, FTP, SMTP, Telnet, DNS etc.
While transmission, as the data crosses each layer, a header is attached. During reception, when data passes each layer, the header information is verified and deleted. So, when the data reaches the final destination it is similar to the one which was originally transmitted.
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